Forward osmosis is expected to be a far more efficient method of desalination than reverse osmosis, but it is a largely experimental technique at current development levels. How can research efforts in forward osmosis be accelerated to achieve commercialization sooner?
Desalination Challenges
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Biofouling Management in Desalination Systems
Biofouling primarily affects the reverse osmosis membranes used in desalination plants, and results in the formation of red algae and other micro organisms on the membrane layer. It is, to a significant extent dependent on the source water used in the desalination plant. While it can be managed to a certain extent using pre treatment techniques, this would result in higher energy intensity of fresh water generated. What are the best methods to manage biofouling?
Improving Efficiency of Reverse Osmosis Membranes for Desalination
Different reverse osmosis membranes result in different yields (clean water) for the same amount of input energy and salt water. What are the parameters that can be tweaked to improve the efficiencies of these membranes?
Reducing Costs of Energy Recovery Systems in Desalination Plants
Many desalination plants do not use energy recovery systems due to the high costs associated with these systems. Use of such energy recovery systems in plants reduces the total energy required for generation of fresh water. How can the costs of energy recovery plants be reduced, thereby making the desalination process less energy intensive?
Reducing Sensitivity to Temperature Variations in Desalination Plants
The temperature of the source water (typically ocean water) affects the fresh water yield from desalination plants. What can be done to reduce this sensitivity and increase yields?
Reducing Energy Intensity of Desalination
Desalination plants use large amounts of electricity. How can this energy intensity be reduced?
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